EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 12 (2026) EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol., 12 (2026) 5 Full HTML
Issue
EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol.
Volume 12, 2026
Special Issue on ‘Overview of recent advances in HPC simulation methods for nuclear applications’, edited by Andrea Zoia, Elie Saikali, Cheikh Diop and Cyrille de Saint Jean
Article Number 5
Number of page(s) 115
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2025078
Published online 30 January 2026

© L. Garnaud et al., Published by EDP Sciences, 2026

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

High-energy photons can interact with atomic nuclei and induce photonuclear reactions, often resulting in the emission of neutrons–commonly referred to as ‘photoneutrons’ [1, 2]. When the incident photon energy is below approximately 30 MeV, photoneutron production is predominantly governed by the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR)–a collective nuclear excitation characterized by the oscillation of all neutrons against all protons within the nucleus [3].

Photoneutrons play a critical role in radiation transport scenarios involving high-energy gamma sources [4], electron accelerators [5–7], or nuclear reactors [8]. Modeling such processes–including photonuclear interactions, neutron emission, and subsequent neutron transport through matter–typically relies on Monte Carlo simulation codes, due to their capacity to accurately represent complex particle–nucleus interactions without requiring phase space discretization. These codes are particularly well-suited for simulating photoneutron production, characterizing neutron fields, and evaluating their implications for shielding, activation, and radiological dose assessments.

However, prior studies have demonstrated that the accuracy of such simulations is highly sensitive to both the underlying physics models–especially in cases where the photon source originates from electromagnetic showers involving electron-induced Bremsstrahlung–and the completeness and fidelity of available photonuclear data [9–15]. Given the scarcity of experimental photoneutron data for code validation, this work presents a comprehensive reference benchmark study that significantly expands our earlier analysis limited to five materials [15].

The present study investigates photoneutron fields generated by photons impinging on 49 elemental targets, from deuterium to 241Am, each considered with its natural isotopic composition. The incident photon energies span from the photonuclear threshold up to 30 MeV, encompassing the GDR region. Photoneutron fields are characterized using three key observables: emitted neutron current, energy spectrum, and angular distribution. Simulations are performed with three independently developed Monte Carlo codes–MCNP6® [16, 17], PHITS [18, 19], and TRIPOLI-4® [20, 21]–each coupled with two major nuclear data libraries: ENDF/B-VIII.1 [22] and JENDL-5 [23].

The resulting dataset provides Monte Carlo users with a robust basis for assessing the predictive capabilities and limitations of current simulation tools. It also offers a valuable resource for code developers aiming to validate and improve physics models related to photonuclear cross sections, neutron multiplicities, and the energy–angular characteristics of emitted photoneutrons. More broadly, this compendium is intended to serve as a reference benchmark for nuclear data evaluators and experimental nuclear physicists working in the field of photonuclear reactions.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the materials and methods employed in this study, including the simulation model and associated tally definitions. Next, we provide an overview of the three Monte Carlo codes and the two nuclear data libraries used for our purposes. The simulation results are presented in Section 3. To further substantiate our findings, Section 4 offers a detailed analysis of photoneutron kinematics for selected cases. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5, followed by a series of Appendices containing the comprehensive simulation results and additional technical details on photoneutron kinematics.

2. Material and methods

This compendium begins with an overview of the model geometry, Monte Carlo codes, and nuclear data employed in the analyses.

2.1. Monte Carlo benchmark specifications

For this investigation, we selected a simple benchmark model comprising a spherical, mono-elemental target irradiated by a photon source. The model geometry is shown in Figure 1. The target is a sphere with a diameter of 5 mm. A monoenergetic, point-like, and unidirectional photon beam is positioned 1 mm from the sphere’s surface and directed toward its center.

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Geometry of the Monte Carlo simulation model used in this benchmark study. A monoenergetic, unidirectional photon beam impinges on a mono-elemental sphere at the center of the configuration. Photoneutrons emitted from the target are collected on the surface of a larger detection sphere.

The benchmark parameters are defined by specifying the target material and the energy of the incident photons. Photon energies range from the threshold of the (γ, n) reaction up to 30 MeV, in 1 MeV increments. Within this energy range, several photonuclear reactions can produce neutrons, including (γ, n), (γ, 2n), (γ, np), or (γ, nα); see Appendix A for details. Among these, the (γ, n) reaction typically has the lowest threshold energy, while other channels–particularly in light isotopes–have thresholds near or above 20 MeV. Note that the neutrons generated by photonuclear reactions are taken into account in the simulations, and can further induce additional nuclear reactions.

Fiducial quantities are chosen to fully characterize the resulting photoneutron fields. The Monte Carlo simulations evaluate photoneutron production using three primary tallies: the total integrated particle current, the energy spectrum (with 10 keV bins), and the angular distribution (with 4° polar angle bins). All observables are recorded on the surface of a detection sphere with a radius of 100 cm, surrounding the target (see Fig. 1). Target densities and isotopic compositions are taken from reference [24], according to the natural isotopic abundances. However, for materials with density below 1 g cm−3, the density is artificially set to 1 g cm−3 to improve the statistical quality of the simulation. In case of fissile elements, the major isotopes are treated separately.

In previous benchmark studies, we employed Monte Carlo simulation models similar to those used in this work [11, 12, 14, 15]. During the preparation of the present simulation settings, we frequently referred to our earlier publications. A detailed review revealed a minor error in the source definition within the PHITS input files, which affects the total photoneutron current, as well as a subtle issue in the angular tally configuration in TRIPOLI-4, influencing the angular distribution of photoneutrons. While the overall findings and conclusions of references [12, 14, 15] remain valid, caution is advised when comparing those results directly with the data presented in this work.

The materials examined in this compendium are:

  • Light elements (Z ≤ 20)

    • Deuterium

    • Beryllium

    • Carbon

    • Nitrogen

    • Oxygen

    • Sodium

    • Magnesium

    • aluminum

    • Silicon

    • Sulfur

    • Chlorine

    • Argon

    • Calcium

  • Intermediate elements (21 ≤ Z ≤ 56)

    • Titanium

    • Vanadium

    • Chromium

    • Manganese

    • Iron

    • Cobalt

    • Nickel

    • Copper

    • Zinc

    • Germanium

    • Strontium

    • Zirconium

    • Niobium

    • Molybdenum

    • Palladium

    • Silver

    • Cadmium

    • Tin

    • Antimony

    • Tellurium

    • Iodine

    • Cesium

  • Heavy elements (Z >  56)

    • Samarium

    • Terbium

    • Holmium

    • Tantalum

    • Tungsten

    • Gold

    • Lead

    • Bismuth

  • Actinides (fissile isotopes)

    • 235U

    • 238U

    • 237Np

    • 239Pu

    • 240Pu

    • 241Am

The isotopic compositions of the materials used in the simulations are detailed in Tabs. B.1, B.3, B.5, B.7, B.9, B.11, B.13, B.15, B.17, B.19, B.21, B.23, B.25, C.1, C.3, C.5, C.7, C.9, C.11, C.13, C.15, C.17, C.19, C.21, C.23, C.25, C.27, C.29, C.31, C.33, C.35, C.37, C.39, C.41, C.43, C.45, C.47, C.49, C.51, C.53, C.55, C.57, C.59, D.1, D.3, D.5, D.7, D.9, D.11.

2.2. Monte Carlo codes

The comparison is carried out using three Monte Carlo codes: MCNP6.3 [16, 17], PHITS version 3.35 [18, 19] with a dedicated patch for photonuclear kinematic corrections, and TRIPOLI-4 version 12.1 [21, 25].

2.2.1. MCNP6

MCNP6 is a three-dimensional, continuous-energy Monte Carlo simulation code developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), New Mexico, USA [16, 17]. In this work, we used version 6.3. Written in Fortran, MCNP6 supports the transport of neutrons, photons, electromagnetic showers, and up to 37 distinct particle types. It relies on evaluated nuclear data in the ENDF-6 format, processed using the NJOY nuclear data processing system [26]. Nuclear reactions are modeled using classical physics kinematics. For the present simulations, the PHYS:P card (photon physics) is configured with the ispn=1 option, which enables photonuclear reactions and applies a dedicated variance-reduction technique. This setting forces a photonuclear reaction at each photoatomic interaction, and adjusts particle weights accordingly to preserve the unbiasedness of the Monte Carlo calculation.

2.2.2. PHITS

PHITS is a general-purpose Monte Carlo particle transport code developed collaboratively by JAEA, RIST, KEK, and several other institutions in Japan [18, 19]. The version used in this work is PHITS3.35, with a dedicated patch provided by the developers. Written in Fortran, PHITS supports the simulation of a broad range of particles–including neutrons, photons, and electromagnetic showers–over wide energy ranges, using both evaluated nuclear data and theoretical reaction models. Nuclear reactions in PHITS are modeled using relativistic kinematics. Like MCNP6, PHITS uses ACE-format nuclear data derived from ENDF-6 files processed with the NJOY system. In this study, photonuclear reactions were artificially enhanced using the pnimul parameter set to 100, effectively amplifying their occurrence to improve simulation statistics.

2.2.3. TRIPOLI-4

TRIPOLI-4 is a three-dimensional, continuous-energy Monte Carlo code developed by CEA at the Paris-Saclay center in France [20, 21]. This study uses TRIPOLI-4 version 12.1, incorporating a patch on the Kalbach-Mann interpretation of incident photons (see Sect. 3.5.1). Written in C++, TRIPOLI-4 simulates neutrons, photons, and electromagnetic showers. Nuclear reactions are modeled with semi-relativistic kinematics. The code employs nuclear data in ENDF-6 format processed through the GALILEE nuclear data system [27]. To improve statistical sampling, photonuclear reactions are artificially forced at every photon interaction [25], their statistical weights are adjusted accordingly, and a Russian roulette technique is applied to the resulting photoneutrons, with a threshold set by default to 0.01 eV.

2.3. Nuclear data libraries

Each code is executed using two nuclear data libraries: ENDF/B-VIII.1 [22] and JENDL-5 [23].

2.3.1. ENDF/B-VIII.1

ENDF/B-VIII.1 is the latest revision of the U.S. Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) library [22]. Photonuclear data had not been updated since ENDF/B-VII.0 [28] until the release of ENDF/B-VIII.1, which incorporates evaluations from the IAEA Coordinated Research Project. For this study, we used the EPDL97 [29] sub-libraries for photoatomic reactions, originally released in 1997, together with ENDF/B-VIII.1 data for neutron and photonuclear reactions, released in 2024 [22].

ACE-formatted files for the ENDF/B-VIII.1 library were not available at the time of this work, so the data were processed internally using the NJOY16.77 nuclear data system [26].

2.3.2. JENDL-5

The fifth edition of the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (JENDL-5) [23] was released in 2021. In this study, we used JENDL-5 sub-libraries for photoatomic reactions, photonuclear, and neutron reactions. Both the ENDF-6 and ACE-format files for JENDL-5 were obtained directly from JAEA website.

3. Results and discussion

The results presented in this compendium comprise a large volume of data, including plots and tables for the evaluation of integrated neutron currents, energy spectra, and angular distributions for all the elements listed above. For the sake of readability, this section focuses on the main findings, while a detailed survey of all configurations are provided in Appendices B–D.

In order to improve the interpretation of our findings, we have grouped the 49 elements into four categories: light elements (Z ≤ 20), intermediate elements (21 ≤ Z ≤ 56), heavy elements (Z >  56), and actinides (fissile elements). In this section, we provide general comments on the simulation results. The associated tables and figures are also included for reference.

3.1. Photoneutrons emitted by light elements

We begin our analysis with the light elements, whose key characteristics are summarized below. Detailed simulation results are presented in Appendix B.

3.1.1. Photoneutron currents

Light elements show very good agreement for photoneutron currents among the three Monte Carlo codes when the same nuclear data library is used, as illustrated in the following tables and figures for deuterium: Figure B.1 and Table B.2; beryllium: Figure B.4 and Table B.4; carbon: Figure B.7 and Table B.6; nitrogen: Figure B.10 and Table B.8; oxygen: Figure B.13 and Table B.10; sodium: Figure B.16 and Table B.12; magnesium: Figure B.19 and Table B.14; aluminum: Figure B.22 and Table B.16; silicon: Figure B.25 and Table B.18; sulfur: Figure B.28 and Table B.20; chlorine: Figure B.31 and Table B.22; argon: Figure B.34 and Table B.24; calcium: Figure B.37 and Table B.26.

However, the use of different libraries induces significant discrepancies depending on the specific element, as illustrated in the following tables and figures. For example, JENDL-5 consistently overestimates photoneutron currents compared to ENDF/B-VIII.1 for deuterium (Fig. B.1 and Tab. B.2) and nitrogen (Fig. B.10 and Tab. B.8). In contrast, for beryllium (Fig. B.4 and Tab. B.4) and silicon (Fig. B.25 and Tab. B.18), ENDF/B-VIII.1 yields higher values than JENDL-5 over the entire energy range. For the other materials, each library’s results vary depending on specific energy ranges, as shown for carbon (Fig. B.7 and Tab. B.6), oxygen (Fig. B.13 and Tab. B.10), sodium (Fig. B.16 and Tab. B.12), magnesium (Fig. B.19 and Tab. B.14), aluminum (Fig. B.22 and Tab. B.16), sulfur (Fig. B.28 and Tab. B.20), chlorine (Fig. B.31 and Tab. B.22), argon (Fig. B.34 and Tab. B.24) and calcium (Fig. B.37 and Tab. B.26).

3.1.2. Photoneutron spectra

The energy spectra of the emitted photoneutrons were computed for configurations with the photon source energy set at 20 MeV. The three Monte Carlo codes show generally similar spectral shapes, though some discrepancies are observed (see Figs. B.2–B.38).

In particular, the neutron emission spectra exhibit distinct ‘peaks’ corresponding to the center-of-mass (CM) emission energies of photonuclear reactions. These peaks arise from the reaction kinematics, which depend on the incident photon energy, the excitation state of the residual nucleus and the atomic mass ratio of the target nucleus to the emitted neutron. TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS account for the kinematic transformation from the CM frame to the laboratory frame, as reflected in the nuclear data evaluations, resulting in a broadening of these peaks in the laboratory-frame spectra. In contrast, MCNP6 appears to neglect this transformation, leading to sharper peaks located at the untransformed CM energy. This effect is particularly evident in the case of deuterium, as shown in Figure B.2, where a peak appears around 8.83 MeV. TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS behave differently compared to MCNP6. Notably, an issue previously identified in the ACE file for deuterium in ENDF/B-VIII.0 [15] is not present in ENDF/B-VIII.1, and the deuterium peak is now correctly positioned. All elements considered in this study are affected by the discrepancy in kinematic treatment, as illustrated for beryllium in Figure B.5; carbon in Figure B.8; nitrogen in Figure B.11; oxygen in Figure B.14; sodium in Figure B.17; magnesium in Figure B.20; aluminum in Figure B.23; silicon in Figure B.26; sulfur in Figure B.29; chlorine in Figure B.32; argon in Figure B.35; and calcium in Figure B.38. The impact of the kinematic treatment is most pronounced for lighter nuclei, whose masses are comparable to that of the neutron. In these cases, the CM-to-laboratory frame transformation significantly alters the spectral shape. As the atomic mass increases, the CM and laboratory frames converge, which quenches the broadening effect.

Using JENDL-5 instead of ENDF/B-VIII.1 consistently induces a shift in the peak locations, except for the case of deuterium (see Figs. B.2–B.38). This systematic shift appears to stem from the fact that, in JENDL-5, the total reaction energy is assigned to the outgoing energy of the neutron, and the recoil energy of the residual nucleus is neglected. This behavior suggests an error in the nuclear data evaluation. To verify this conjecture, we conducted a detailed analysis of the reaction kinematics. Our findings, presented in Section 4, support this hypothesis. A patch is currently under development by JAEA to correct the treatment of photonuclear reaction kinematics in PHITS when using JENDL-5.

3.1.3. Photoneutron angular distributions

Concerning the angular distribution of the emitted photoneutrons, MCNP6 and PHITS are generally in very good agreement, while TRIPOLI-4 shows more discrepancies. Two types of differences are observed. First, TRIPOLI-4 tends to produce angular distributions with a stronger anisotropy. This is illustrated for beryllium (Fig. B.6), nitrogen (Fig. B.12), sodium (Fig. B.18), magnesium (Fig. B.21), aluminum (Fig. B.24), silicon (Fig. B.27), sulfur (Fig. B.30), chlorine (Fig. B.33), argon (Fig. B.36), and calcium (Fig. B.39).

Second, when the angular distribution is centered around 90°, TRIPOLI-4 often shows a shift towards lower angles compared to MCNP6 and PHITS. For example, in the case of deuterium (Fig. B.3), the codes disagree on the position of the anisotropy peak: TRIPOLI-4 differs from the results produced by MCNP6 and PHITS. As discussed in Section 4, this shift may originate from differences in how the nuclear data are interpreted, or from specificities of the ACE format used by MCNP6 and PHITS. A similar discrepancy is observed for carbon using ENDF/B-VIII.1 (Fig. B.9), whereas for oxygen all three codes agree on the peak position (Fig. B.15).

These discrepancies are further analyzed in Section 3.5.2, where the impact of reference frame transformations and the representation of angular distributions are discussed in detail.

3.2. Photoneutrons emitted by intermediate-to-heavy elements

We consider next the case of the intermediate-to-heavy elements. The key results are summarized in the following. For the full set of simulation results, we refer the reader to Appendix C. For elements chromium (App. C.3), terbium ( App. C.24), holmium (App. C.25) and tantalum (App. C.26), we were unable to generate a functional ACE data file from the ENDF/B-VIII.1 ENDF-6 file using NJOY. Therefore, for these elements we decided to run simulations with ENDF/B-VIII.0 instead [30].

3.2.1. Photoneutron currents

Overall, the photoneutron currents for intermediate-to-heavy elements are in good agreement among the three Monte Carlo codes and between the two nuclear data libraries. Results are illustrated in Figures C.1–C.88, and Tables C.2–C.60. Observe however that some significant discrepancies occur between libraries and codes for elements tantalum (Fig. C.76 and Tab. C.52); samarium (Fig. C.67 and Tab. C.46); terbium (Fig. C.70 and Tab. C.48); tungsten (Fig. C.79 and Tab. C.54); gold (Fig. C.82 and Tab. C.56); lead (Fig. C.85 and Tab. C.58); and bismuth (Fig. C.88 and Tab. C.60).

The nuclear data for some isotopes may lack angular distributions for certain reactions; as a result, MCNP6 and PHITS do not generate the corresponding outgoing neutrons. In contrast, when the angular distribution is missing in the nuclear data TRIPOLI-4 assumes an isotropic distribution for the outgoing neutrons, which leads to a higher number of generated neutrons compared to the other codes. This is illustrated in Figure C.79 and Table C.54 [31].

Some elements are identical in the two libraries, so that the corresponding simulation results are the same: titanium (App. C.1); vanadium (App. C.2); manganese (App. C.3); iron (App. C.5); nickel (App. C.7); germanium (App. C.10); strontium (App. C.11); niobium (App. C.13); molybdenum (App. C.14); palladium (App. C.15); silver (App. C.16); cadmium (App. C.17); antimony (App. C.19); tellurium (App. C.20); iodine (App. C.21); samarium (App. C.23); gold (App. C.28).

3.2.2. Photoneutron spectra

The energy spectra of the emitted photoneutrons are overall in very good agreement across codes and libraries. Results are illustrated in Figures C.2–C.89. Significant discrepancies are found for samarium (Fig. C.68) and tungsten (Fig. C.80). For elements chromium (Fig. C.8), zirconium (Fig. C.35), cesium (Fig. C.65), terbium (Fig. C.71), holmium (Fig. C.74), tantalum (Fig. C.77), tungsten (Fig. C.80), lead (Fig. C.86) and bismuth (Fig. C.89), the results obtained with ENDF/B-VIII.1 show discontinuities across the energy range when compared to those from JENDL-5. With JENDL-5, PHITS attempts to correct the peak positions by acting on kinematics, as explained in Section 4; for elements sharing the same nuclear data in both libraries, this correction is applied only to JENDL-5. PHITS exhibits the lowest standard error, while MCNP6 exhibits the largest, and TRIPOLI-4 is approximately half way between the two other codes. This is likely due to differences in particle weight cut-off settings, since the same number of source photons is simulated in each case. The difference in peak locations between the two libraries, as anticipated in Section 3.1, is more difficult to discern for these elements, due to the higher mass of the residual nucleus. In terms of spectral complexity, the number of peaks are generally consistent between JENDL-5 and ENDF/B-VIII.1.

3.2.3. Photoneutron angular distributions

The angular distributions of the emitted photoneutrons overall display the general trends previously observed for light elements: MCNP6 and PHITS are generally in very good agreement, whereas the results produced by TRIPOLI-4 exhibit a higher degree of anisotropy, particularly when using the ENDF/B-VIII.1 library. Results are illustrated in Figures C.3–C.90. Some exceptions are observed: the codes are in agreement for ENDF/B-VIII.1 for elements titanium (Fig. C.3); vanadium (Fig. C.6); manganese (Fig. C.12); iron (Fig. C.15); cobalt (Fig. C.18); nickel (Fig. C.21); germanium (Fig. C.30); strontium (Fig. C.33); niobium (Fig. C.39); molybdenum (Fig. C.42); palladium (Fig. C.45); silver (Fig. C.48); cadmium (Fig. C.51); antimony (Fig. C.57); tellurium (Fig. C.60); iodine (Fig. C.63); samarium (Fig. C.69); and gold (Fig. C.84). In contrast, with JENDL-5, TRIPOLI-4 produces results that are consistent with those produced with ENDF/B-VIII.1, while MCNP6 and PHITS tend to produce more isotropic distributions.

Similarly as for light elements, these discrepancies are further analyzed in Section 3.5.2, where the impact of reference frame transformations and the representation of angular distributions is discussed in detail.

3.3. Photoneutrons emitted by fissile elements

We conclude our analysis by considering the case of fissile elements. The full simulation results are provided in Appendix D. We do not distinguish between prompt or delayed photofission neutrons and photoneutrons produced by (γ, xn) reactions. With JENDL-5 data for 241Am, the ENDF-6 file did not include delayed neutrons from photofission, so TRIPOLI-4 could not be run, whereas MCNP6 and PHITS could.

3.3.1. Photoneutron currents

The photoneutron currents of fissile elements generally agree across codes, with some discrepancies between nuclear data libraries. For 235U (Fig. D.1, Tab. D.2), JENDL-5 overestimates the current relative to ENDF/B-VIII.1. Above 16 MeV, PHITS predicts higher photoneutron currents than MCNP6 and TRIPOLI-4. For 238U (Fig. D.4, Tab. D.4), the three Monte Carlo codes agree reasonably well; however, around 12 MeV, the current differs between the two libraries. For 237Np (Fig. D.7, Tab. D.6), MCNP6 and TRIPOLI-4 agree when using JENDL-5, whereas PHITS underestimates the current. With ENDF/B-VIII.1 the codes agree except above 16 MeV, where PHITS appears to overestimate the current relative to the other two codes. For 239Pu (Fig. D.10, Tab. D.8) and 240Pu (Fig. D.13, Tab. D.10), the behavior is qualitatively similar to 235U. For 241Am (Fig. D.16, Tab. D.12), MCNP6 and PHITS agree well across both libraries, while TRIPOLI-4 shows a different trend with ENDF/B-VIII.1. In ENDF/B-VIII.1, the 241Am photofission angular distribution is not provided; consequently, PHITS and MCNP6 do not emit photofission neutrons and treat incident photons as absorbed, whereas TRIPOLI-4 assumes isotropic photofission-neutron emission (see comments in Sect. 3.2.1). Overall, JENDL-5 tends to predict higher photoneutron currents than ENDF/B-VIII.1.

3.3.2. Photoneutron spectra

The energy spectra of the emitted photoneutrons are in good agreement across codes and libraries, as illustrated for the case of 235U (App. D.1 and Fig. D.2); 238U (App. D.2 and Fig. D.5); 237Np (App. D.3 and Fig. D.8); 239Pu (App. D.4, Fig. D.11); and 240Pu (App. D.5 and Fig. D.14). However, for 241Am with ENDF/B-VIII.1 (see App. D.6 and Fig. D.17), significant differences are observed between TRIPOLI-4 on one hand, and MCNP6 and PHITS on the other hand, depending on the energy range of the spectrum. As expected, the effects on the energy peak position and the frame conversion are no longer visible for the fissile elements, which have all large atomic weight ratios.

3.3.3. Photoneutron angular distributions

With ENDF/B-VIII.1, the angular distributions of emitted photoneutrons predicted by MCNP6, PHITS, and TRIPOLI-4 are mutually consistent for 235U (App. D.1, Fig. D.3), 238U (App. D.2, Fig. D.6), 237Np (App. D.3, Fig. D.9), 239Pu (App. D.4, Fig. D.12), and 240Pu (App. D.5, Fig. D.15). For 241Am (App. D.6, Fig. D.18), MCNP6 and PHITS predict a more pronounced anisotropy than TRIPOLI-4. Using JENDL-5, TRIPOLI-4 consistently yields a different anisotropy than MCNP6 and PHITS across all nuclides considered, TRIPOLI-4 typically has a peak near 0°, whereas PHITS and MCNP6 have a peak near 90°.

3.4. General considerations on the obtained results

The results presented in the previous sections allow drawing several key conclusions regarding the agreement (or lack thereof) for photoneutron simulations across Monte Carlo codes and nuclear data libraries.

For a given nuclear data library, MCNP6, PHITS, and TRIPOLI-4 generally produce consistent results for the photoneutron current and energy spectra across light and intermediate-to-heavy elements. For fissile isotopes, some discrepancies appear, especially for the photoneutron current, related to inconsistencies in the average photoneutron yield in nuclear data or in the use of these data by the codes. The strongest discrepancies are observed for the angular distributions, where the results produced with TRIPOLI-4 are systematically different from those produced with MCNP6 and PHITS.

The choice of the nuclear data library usually also has a significant impact on the simulation findings, especially for light elements.

For light elements, the treatment of kinematics, and in particular the transformation of coordinates between center-of-mass and laboratory frame has a strong effect on the energy spectra of the emitted photoneutrons Section 3.1.2. The choice of JENDL-5 or ENDF/B-VIII.1 leads to a different shape for the spectra; JENDL-5 often has a richer structure for the energy distributions, but all the energy of the reaction is erroneously attributed to the outgoing neutron Figure 10. PHITS may also apply additional corrections to the outgoing neutron energy Figure 9.

For intermediate-to-heavy elements, the agreement across codes and libraries is generally better, although some exceptions occur for specific isotopes, often due to differences in data processing or code interpretations Section 3.2.

For fissile elements, larger discrepancies are observed, particularly for certain isotopes and libraries. Among the observables, photoneutron energy spectra and angular distributions are most sensitive to the details of nuclear data processing and code implementation Sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3. The photoneutron current is generally less sensitive because it depends only on the neutron yield of the reaction. In the cases of 241Am, missing or incomplete nuclear data prevent simulations with TRIPOLI-4 Appendix D.6.

3.5. Investigations concerning TRIPOLI-4

3.5.1. Kalbach-Mann interpretation correction

A modification to the Kalbach-Mann incident photon interpretation has been made for the simulations considered in this work. Indeed, TRIPOLI-4 had previously showed discrepancies with respect to MCNP6 and PHITS (see Ref. [15]), which has motivated a correction of the implemented sampling scheme. The issue was related to the treatment of incident photons in the calculation of the special slope a for photons. A comparison of the angular distribution of photoneutrons before and after the fix is shown in Figure 2. This patch will be included in the next version of TRIPOLI-4.

thumbnail Fig. 2.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 with the slope correction (red lines) and TRIPOLI-4 without the slope correction (black line) with ENDF/B-VIII.1.

3.5.2. Angular distribution reference frame conversion

Regarding the angular distribution, we observe two general behaviors that single out the TRIPOLI-4 shapes from those of MCNP6 and PHITS. The first is a shift in the angular distribution for TRIPOLI-4, noticeable for elements such as deuterium and carbon (see Figs. B.3 and B.9). The second is a steeper slope in the angular distribution curve for TRIPOLI-4 in elements like sodium and aluminum (see Figs. B.18 and B.24), a trend observed for most elements.

These two behaviors were understood after careful investigation of the sampling laws, which also required some modifications in the TRIPOLI-4 source code. Specifically, when the reference frame conversion from the center-of-mass frame to the laboratory frame for the angle cosine is removed, TRIPOLI-4 produces results consistent with those from PHITS and MCNP6 (see Figs. 3 and 4). This suggests that MCNP6 and PHITS do not perform the reference frame conversion for the cosine of the scattering angle.

thumbnail Fig. 3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 with the frame conversion (red lines) and TRIPOLI-4 without the frame conversion (black line).
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the sodium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 with the frame conversion (red lines) and TRIPOLI-4 without the frame conversion (black line).

4. Analysis of the kinematics of photonuclear reactions

In order to better understand the mechanisms at play in the discrepancies reported in the previous section, we focus now on the kinematics of the photonuclear reactions. We have observed that ‘peaks’ occur in the energy spectra of the emitted photoneutrons, corresponding to the outgoing neutron energy in the center-of-mass frame. The shape of the peaks may strongly differ between MCNP6 on one hand, and TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS on the other hand, as illustrated for instance by the case of deuterium (see Fig. B.2).

In the following analysis, we will focus exclusively on the (γ, n) reaction, which is the dominant reaction channel in the energy range considered in our work (see Tabs. A.1–A.5).

The (γ, n) reaction can be represented by the scheme provided in Figure 5, and is described by:

γ + Z A X → Z A − 1 Y + n , $$ \begin{aligned} \gamma + ^A_ZX \rightarrow ^{A-1}_ZY + n, \end{aligned} $$(1)

where γ is the incident photon, ZAX is the target nuclide of atomic mass number A and atomic charge number Z, ZA − 1Y is the residual nucleus and n the outgoing neutron.

thumbnail Fig. 5.

Scheme of the (γ, n) reaction: a photon γ incident on a ZAX nuclide induces the emission of a neutron n and leaves a residual nuclide ZA − 1Y. The angle θ is taken between the x axis and the outgoing neutron.

We briefly recall the basic relativistic kinematic relations for this reaction, whose exact derivation can be retrieved from reference [32]. The total energy En of the outgoing neutron n in the center-of-mass frame is given by:

E n = ( s + m n 2 − m Y 2 ) 2 s , $$ \begin{aligned} E_{n} = \frac{(s + m_{n}^{2} - m_{Y}^{2})}{2 \sqrt{s}}, \end{aligned} $$(2)

where mn is the neutron mass, mY is the mass of the residual nuclide, and s $ \sqrt{s} $ is the Mandelstam variable corresponding to the total energy available in the center of mass [33]. Here and in the following, we assume that masses and energies are expressed with consistent units.

The kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass frame is:

T n = E n − m n . $$ \begin{aligned} T_{n} = E_{n} - m_{n}. \end{aligned} $$(3)

Using the Lorentz transformation [32], the total neutron energy E′n in the laboratory frame reads

E n ′ = Γ ( E n + β p μ ) , $$ \begin{aligned} E^{\prime }_n = \Gamma (E_{n} + \beta p \mu ), \end{aligned} $$(4)

where

Γ = 1 1 − β 2 $$ \begin{aligned} \Gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \beta ^{2}}} \end{aligned} $$(5)

is the Lorentz factor, with

β = E γ E γ + m X · $$ \begin{aligned} \beta = \frac{E_{\gamma }}{E_{\gamma } + m_{X}}\cdot \end{aligned} $$(6)

Here Eγ is the energy of the incident photon in the laboratory frame, mX is the mass of the collided nuclide, p is the momentum of the outgoing neutron, and finally μ is the cosine of the scattering angle of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass frame.

The kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the laboratory frame reads

T n ′ = E n ′ − m n . $$ \begin{aligned} T^{\prime }_{n} = E^{\prime }_n - m_{n}. \end{aligned} $$(7)

The components p′x and p′y of the momentum of the outgoing neutron in the laboratory frame read

p x ′ = Γ ( p μ + β E n ) $$ \begin{aligned} p^{\prime }_{x}&= \Gamma (p \mu + \beta E_{n}) \end{aligned} $$(8)

p y ′ = p 1 − μ 2 , $$ \begin{aligned} p^{\prime }_{y}&= p \sqrt{1-\mu ^{2}}, \end{aligned} $$(9)

with

p = p x 2 + p y 2 . $$ \begin{aligned} p = \sqrt{p_{x}^{2} + p_{y}^{2}}. \end{aligned} $$(10)

The cosine μ′ of the angle between the neutron and the incident photon in the laboratory frame is defined as:

μ ′ = p x ′ p ′ = p x ′ ( p x ′ ) 2 + ( p y ′ ) 2 . $$ \begin{aligned} \mu ^{\prime } = \frac{p^{\prime }_{x}}{p^{\prime }} = \frac{p^{\prime }_{x}}{\sqrt{(p^{\prime }_{x})^{2} + (p^{\prime }_{y})^{2}}}. \end{aligned} $$(11)

Single-collision kinematics can be used to infer the position of the peak in the outgoing neutron spectrum, since we assume that the number of collisions in the target will be typically very small, and the energy distribution of the neutrons detected on the outer sphere will be roughly equal to that of the neutrons after the (γ, n) reaction.

The preliminary step consists in retrieving the angular distribution in the center-of-mass frame for a given incident photon energy and outgoing neutron energy, based on the ENDF/B-VIII.1 nuclear data files. The neutron energy distribution in the laboratory frame is then obtained by sampling the angular distribution in the center-of-mass frame for a given incident photon energy and outgoing neutron energy, and applying equation (7). Similarly, the angular distribution in the laboratory frame is obtained by sampling the angular distribution in the center-of-mass frame and applying equation (11). These methods provide additional insight into the energy spectrum and angular distribution of the emitted photoneutrons. However, it is important to note that these results apply only to a specific incident photon energy and outgoing neutron energy pair.

In the following, we will illustrate this approach for a few relevant cases of photonuclear reactions on isotopes of light elements with photon source at 20 MeV.

4.1. Deuterium (2H)

We begin by considering deuterium, which is a particularly interesting example: the (γ, n) reaction is the only photonuclear reaction channel emitting a neutron, and the residual nucleus is always on the fundamental state [4]. Consequently, every outgoing neutron produced by a photonuclear reaction will have the same energy in the center of mass frame, as displayed in Figure B.1. In Section 3.1, we have shown that Monte Carlo codes are not in agreement for the energy spectrum and the angular distribution.

In Figure 6, we display the angular probability density given by Monte Carlo codes with ENDF/B-VIII.1 and the angular probability density directly sampled from the ENDF-6 nuclear data file of ENDF/B-VIII.1, using different scales. The angular probability density is given in the center of mass frame: this distribution has been converted to the laboratory frame using equation (11). Observe the slight shift in the maximum of the distribution towards lower angular values, which is due to the Lorentz boost effect [32].

thumbnail Fig. 6.

(γ, n) angular probability density for 20 MeV photon on 2H from ENDF/B-VIII.1, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines), sampled from the nuclear data in the center-of-mass (orange lines) and transformed in the laboratory (purple lines) reference frame.

The analysis of the shapes displayed in Figure 6 suggests that MCNP6 and PHITS provide the angular distribution in the center of mass frame. We propose two concurrent explanations: the problem might come from the conversion of ENDF-6 to ACE format file, or the codes are not performing a relativistic treatment for the reaction kinematics. For TRIPOLI-4, the maximum of the distribution is shifted towards lower angular values and is in very good agreement with the distribution calculated from the nuclear data and converted in the laboratory frame. The maximum of the distribution produced with TRIPOLI-4 lies at an angle between between 80° and 84°, and the maximum from direct sampling of nuclear data lies between 82° and 83°.

In Figure 7, we show the energy distribution of the outgoing neutron associated to the (γ, n) reaction, for a 20 MeV photon impinging on 2H, as simulated by the Monte Carlo codes. For reference, we also display the distribution directly inferred from single-reaxtion kinematics, based on the ENDF-6 data file in ENDF/B-VIII.1. The dotted grey line represents the energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass frame at 8.831 MeV.

thumbnail Fig. 7.

Energy distribution of photoneutrons in laboratory frame from the fundamental (γ, n) peak for 20 MeV incident photons on 2H from ENDF/B-VIII.1, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines) and sampled from the nuclear data (black lines). The vertical dotted grey line represents the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass reference frame for this peak for a 20 MeV photon incident energy, derived using equation (7).

A good agreement is found between the computed energy distribution and the results from TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS. However, MCNP6 provides the energy of the outgoing neutron without converting to the laboratory frame. Peak integrals are normalized to one, except for MCNP6: for representation purposes, its integral has been decreased. The peak produced by MCNP6 should correspond to the energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass frame. However, the peak is positioned at 8.875 MeV. In contrast, the maxima for TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS are at 8.835 MeV and 8.845 MeV, respectively, which are closer to the expected peaks in the center-of-mass frame (8.884 MeV).

4.2. Nitrogen (14N)

We consider next the case of 14N, which is representative of a nuclide having photonuclear data given in file MF5 in ENDF/B-VIII.1, and using the Kalbach-Mann formalism. In this case, the Kalbach-Mann method takes an incident energy (20 MeV for the incident photon in our example), and provides the outgoing neutron energy by sampling between two boundaries determined by kinematics [34]. The scattering angle μ in the center-of-mass frame for the emitted photoneutron is sampled from the distribution.

For our investigation, we have arbitrarily selected the outgoing neutron having the largest allowed energy for a 20 MeV incident photon, corresponding to the reaction that leads the 13N nucleus to its ground state. In Figure 8, we show the results for the energy distribution as estimated by the Monte Carlo codes and as computed by our method based on the nuclear data. It is immediately apparent that the results of MCNP6 strongly differ from those of the other codes. The central position of the MCNP6 peak is in agreement with the one estimated by the other codes, but the shape of the peaks is not the same. Furthermore, the kinematic boundaries of the MCNP6 peaks are not in agreement with those given by the other codes: the boundaries given by MCNP6 correspond to the allowed energy window of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass frame using an histogram interpolation. For TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS, the results are very close to those obtained by direct sampling the nuclear data and using the transformation formulas. The boundaries sampled by the codes are less ‘straight’ than those estimated by sampling the outgoing distribution from the nuclear data, especially for TRIPOLI-4.

thumbnail Fig. 8.

The (γ, n) peak for 20 MeV incident photons in laboratory frame on 14N, for ENDF/B-VIII.1, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines) and sampled from the nuclear data (black lines). The vertical dotted grey line represents the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass reference frame for this peak, derived using equation (7).
thumbnail Fig. 9.

Energy distribution of photoneutrons in laboratory frame from the fundamental (γ, n) energy peak for 20 MeV photons on 14N from JENDL-5, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines) and sampled from the nuclear data (black lines). The vertical dotted grey line represents the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass reference frame for this peak, derived using equation (7).
thumbnail Fig. 10.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 9Be target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6, PHITS and TRIPOLI-4. Peaks of the possible (γ, n) outgoing neutrons energies.

For the sake of completeness, we repeated the same analysis using the JENDL-5 library. In this case, 14N uses a polynomial Legendre representation [34] in the ENDF-6 file. Results are shown in Figure 9. All peaks are located around 9.4 MeV, except for PHITS, where the peak lies around 8.75 MeV. The direct sampling of nuclear data yields a value around 9.4 MeV for the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron. PHITS corrects the position of the peak specifically for JENDL-5. Concerning the shape of the peak, TRIPOLI-4 is very close to the peak reconstructed from directly sampling nuclear data. The shape of the peak provided by MCNP6 is clearly wrong, because no conversion is performed towards the laboratory frame. The JENDL-5 nuclear data file for the 14N peak yields the energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass frame using a linear interpolation. For PHITS, the peak shape is much larger than the peak reconstructed by directly sampling from the nuclear data file.

4.3. Beryllium (9Be)

We complete our analysis by considering the case of 9Be. The position of the energy peaks can be determined using equation (7) and the data of the excited level of the residual nucleus 8Be, which can be retrieved from reference [35]. We consider specifically beryllium since it has a single isotope present (9Be) and the number of excited levels is relatively low, so we can clearly observe the position of each peak.

In Figure 10, we compare the simulation results to those obtained by directly sampling the nuclear data and applying the kinematic transformations. A good agreement between the two sets of curves is found for ENDF/B-VIII.1. However, with JENDL-5 the energy peaks calculated by the Monte Carlo codes are shifted towards higher energy values with respect to the approach based on sampling nuclear data. The position of the Monte Carlo peaks seems to correspond to the total energy available of the (γ, n) reaction: the recoil of the residual nucleus appears to be negligible, and all the energy of the reaction seems to be assigned to the outgoing neutron. The energy spectrum actually contains many such peaks, but they are barely visible in the figure, since their probability of occurrence is much lower than that associated to the fundamental mode for the recoiling nucleus.

5. Conclusions

In this work, we have presented a comprehensive compendium of Monte Carlo simulations for photoneutron production in the Giant Dipole Resonance energy range, covering 49 elements and employing three Monte Carlo codes–MCNP6, PHITS, and TRIPOLI-4–each coupled with two nuclear data libraries, ENDF/B-VIII.1 and JENDL-5. This extensive effort, comprising several thousand individual simulations, provides a broad and systematic comparison across codes, data libraries, and observables, serving as a valuable reference for future studies in Monte Carlo code verification and validation, as well as in applied nuclear physics.

Several key findings emerge from our analysis. When using the same nuclear data library, the integrated photoneutron current shows good agreement between the Monte Carlo codes. The overall shape of the photoneutron energy spectra is consistent across all three codes. However, detailed examination reveals differences in the emission peak shapes, with MCNP6 exhibiting distinct features compared to TRIPOLI-4 and PHITS. These discrepancies are attributed to differences in reaction kinematics treatments, notably MCNP6’s omission of the center-of-mass to laboratory frame transformation. Regarding angular distributions, MCNP6 and PHITS generally behave similarly, whereas TRIPOLI-4 tends to produce a higher anisotropy: such discrepancy also stems from MCNP6 and PHITS lacking the conversion of the reference frame.

More pronounced differences arise when comparing results obtained with ENDF/B-VIII.1 against those using JENDL-5. Such discrepancies often relate to the treatment of nucleus recoil and the choice of reference frame (center-of-mass versus laboratory). Furthermore, the kinematic corrections implemented in PHITS–intended to better represent neutron energies in the laboratory frame–introduce additional deviations between the codes. Our detailed investigation of photonuclear reaction kinematics has identified several significant inconsistencies that underpin these observations.

These results underscore the critical importance of carefully selecting both the Monte Carlo code and the nuclear data library when modeling photonuclear reactions. The observed discrepancies, particularly in sensitive observables like the neutron energy spectrum and angular distribution, can substantially impact applications reliant on accurate photoneutron modeling. Consequently, the findings presented here should be carefully considered in future simulations and evaluations.

Looking ahead, our study highlights the necessity for further investigations into nuclear data processing. Addressing the identified issues demands coordinated efforts involving both improvements in Monte Carlo codes and enhancements to nuclear data libraries. A systematic review of the ACE files and their processing chain would be particularly valuable in elucidating and resolving some sources of discrepancy. Such endeavors will ultimately contribute to more reliable and accurate photonuclear reaction simulations, benefiting both the nuclear data and modeling communities.

Funding

This work was partially funded by EDF.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to them being generated using export-controlled codes, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author contribution statement

Conceptualization & Methodology: A. Sari; Software, Investigation & Data Curation: L. Garnaud, L. Sobczak, J. Piekar; Validation & Formal Analysis: L. Garnaud, C. Jouanne, A. Jinaphanh, A. Zoia, A. Sari, A. Nasri, T. Ogawa; Writing – Original Draft & Visualization: L. Garnaud; Writing – Review & Editing: L. Garnaud, L. Sobczak, J. Piekar, A. Sari, A. Jinaphanh, C. Jouanne, A. Nasri, T. Ogawa, A. Zoia; Supervision & Resources: A. Jinaphanh, A. Sari, A. Nasri, A. Zoia; Project Administration & Funding Acquisition: A. Zoia.

References

  1. J. Chadwick, M. Goldhaber, A ‘nuclear photo-effect’: Disintegration of the diplon by γ-rays, Nature 134, 237 (1934) https://doi.org/10.1038/134237a0 [Google Scholar]
  2. L. Szilard, T.A. Chalmers, Detection of neutrons liberated from beryllium by gamma rays: A new technique for inducing radioactivity, Nature 134, 494 (1934) https://doi.org/10.1038/134494b0 [Google Scholar]
  3. M. Goldhaber, E. Teller, On nuclear dipole vibrations, Phys. Rev. 74, 1046 (1948) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.74.1046 [Google Scholar]
  4. A.I. Blokhin et al., Handbook on Photonuclear Data for Applications: Cross Sections and Spectra, Tech. Rep. IAEA-TECDOC-1178, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria (2000), available at: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1178_prn.pdf [Google Scholar]
  5. F. Jallu et al., The simultaneous neutron and photon interrogation method for fissile and non-fissile element separation in radioactive waste drums, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 170, 489 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00327-X [Google Scholar]
  6. A. Sari et al., Neutron interrogation of actinides with a 17 MeV electron accelerator and first results from photon and neutron interrogation non-simultaneous measurements combination, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 312, 30 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2013.06.020 [Google Scholar]
  7. A. Naseri, A. Mesbahi, A review on photoneutrons characteristics in radiation therapy with high-energy photon beams, Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother. 15, 138 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2010.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  8. D.A. Fynan et al., Photoneutron production in heavy water reactor fuel lattice from accelerator-driven Bremsstrahlung, Ann. Nucl. Energy 155, 108141 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108141 [Google Scholar]
  9. E. Caro, Relativistic kinematics for photoneutron production in Monte Carlo transport calculations, Ann. Nucl. Energy 96, 170 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2016.04.049 [Google Scholar]
  10. D.A. Fynan, Photoneutron reaction kinematics and error of commonly used approximations, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 977, 164271 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164271 [Google Scholar]
  11. A. Sari, Characterization of photoneutron fluxes emitted by electron accelerators in the 4–20 MeV range using Monte Carlo codes: A critical review, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 191, 110506 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110506 [Google Scholar]
  12. K.T. Tran et al., Comparison of the TRIPOLI-4®, DIANE, and MCNP6 Monte Carlo codes on the Barber & George benchmark for photonuclear reactions, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 198, 319 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2023.2195925 [Google Scholar]
  13. V. Blideanu et al., Neutron spectra from photonuclear reactions: Performance testing of Monte-Carlo particle transport simulation codes, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 549, 165292 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2024.165292 [Google Scholar]
  14. A. Sari et al., A benchmark for Monte Carlo simulation of photoneutron fields from electron accelerators, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 1072, 170168 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2024.170168 [Google Scholar]
  15. L. Garnaud et al., Compendium on Monte Carlo simulation of photoneutrons in the giant dipole resonance energy range: The first five elements, EPJ Web Conf. 302, 07004 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202430207004 [Google Scholar]
  16. J.A. Kulesza et al., MCNP® Code Version 6.3.0 Theory & User Manual, Tech. Rep. LA-UR-22-30006, Rev. 1, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, USA (2022) https://doi.org/10.2172/1889957 [Google Scholar]
  17. M.E. Rising et al., MCNP® Code Version 6.3.0 Release Notes, Tech. Rep. LA-UR-22-33103, Rev. 1, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, USA (2023) https://doi.org/10.2172/1909545 [Google Scholar]
  18. T. Sato et al., Recent improvements of the particle and heavy ion transport code system – PHITS version 3.33, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 61, 127 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2023.2275736 [Google Scholar]
  19. Y. Iwamoto et al., Benchmark study of particle and heavy-ion transport code system using shielding integral benchmark archive and database for accelerator-shielding experiments, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 59, 665 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2021.1993372 [Google Scholar]
  20. E. Brun et al., TRIPOLI-4®, CEA, EDF and AREVA reference Monte Carlo code, Ann. Nucl. Energy 82, 151 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.07.053 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  21. F.X. Hugot et al., Overview of the TRIPOLI-4 Monte Carlo code, version 12, EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol. 10, 17 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2024018 [Google Scholar]
  22. G. Nobre et al., Progress towards the ENDF/B-VIII.1 release, EPJ Web Conf. 294, 04004 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429404004 [Google Scholar]
  23. O. Iwamoto et al., Japanese evaluated nuclear data library version 5: JENDL-5, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 60, 1 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2022.2141903 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  24. J.R. Rumble, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th edn. (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2023) [Google Scholar]
  25. O. Petit, N. Huot, C. Jouanne, Implementation of photonuclear reactions in the Monte Carlo transport code TRIPOLI-4 and its first validation in waste package field, Prog. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 2, 798 (2011) https://doi.org/10.15669/pnst.2.798 [Google Scholar]
  26. R.E. MacFarlane et al., The NJOY Nuclear Data Processing System, Version 2016, Tech. Rep. LA-UR-17-20093, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, USA (2016) https://doi.org/10.2172/1338791 [Google Scholar]
  27. M. Coste-Delclaux, C. Jouanne, C. Mounier, GALILÉE-1: Verification and processing system for evaluated data, EPJ Web Conf. 302, 07008 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202430207008 [Google Scholar]
  28. M. Chadwick et al., ENDF/B-VII.0: Next generation evaluated nuclear data library for nuclear science and technology, Nucl. Data Sheets 107, 2931 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2006.11.001 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  29. D.E. Cullen, J.H. Hubbell, L. Kissel, EPDL97: The Evaluated Photon Data Library ’97 Version, Tech. Rep. UCRL-LR-50400, Vol. 6, Rev. 5, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, USA (1997) https://doi.org/10.2172/295438 [Google Scholar]
  30. D.A. Brown et al., ENDF/B-VIII.0: The 8th major release of the nuclear reaction data library with CIELO-project cross sections, new standards and thermal scattering data, Nucl. Data Sheets 148, 1 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2018.02.001 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  31. A. Sari et al., Optimization of the photoneutron flux emitted by an electron accelerator for neutron interogation applications using MCNPX and TRIPOLI-4 Monte Carlo codes, in Proceedings of IPAC2013, THPWA002, Shanghai, China (2013), pp. 3630–3632, available at: https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/IPAC2013/papers/thpwa002.pdf [Google Scholar]
  32. A. Rougé, Introduction à la physique subatomique, Edition du Bicentenaire (Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, 1994) [Google Scholar]
  33. S. Mandelstam, Analytic properties of transition amplitudes in perturbation theory, Phys. Rev. 115, 1741 (1959) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.115.1741 [Google Scholar]
  34. D.A. Brown, ENDF-6 Formats Manual – Data Formats and Procedures for the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files ENDF/B-VI, ENDF/B-VII and ENDF/B-VIII, Tech. Rep. BNL-224854-2023-INRE, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY, USA (2023) https://doi.org/10.2172/2007538 [Google Scholar]
  35. D.R. Tilley et al., Energy levels of light nuclei A = 8, 9, 10, Nucl. Phys. A 745, 155 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.09.059 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  36. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Live Chart of Nuclides – Nuclear Structure and Decay Data, https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html, accessed: 2025-07-03 [Google Scholar]

Cite this article as: Louis Garnaud, Luna Sobczak, Johann Piekar, Adrien Sari, Alexis Jinaphanh, Cédric Jouanne, Amine Nasri, Tatsuhiko Ogawa, Andrea Zoia. Compendium on Monte Carlo simulation of photoneutrons in the Giant Dipole Resonance energy range, EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol. 12, 5 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2025078

Appendix

Threshold energies for photonuclear reactions

In Tables A.1–A.5, we provide the specific details for four photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons in the Giant Dipole Resonance energy range: (γ, n), (γ, 2n), (γ, np), (γ, nα) with the abundance of each corresponding isotope. The abundances are taken from Ref. [24] and the threshold energies for these reactions have been calculated using the isotope masses from the IAEA website [36].

Table A.1.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for light isotopes.

Table A.2.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for intermediate isotopes (Part 1 of 2).

Table A.3.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for intermediate isotopes (Part 2 of 2).

Table A.4.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for heavy isotopes.

Table A.5.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for fissile isotopes.

Appendix

Detailed simulation results for light elements

This section presents all the benchmark simulation results for light elements. Details of the discrepancies detected in each observable between codes, or between nuclear data for a given code, are provided in Section 3.

B.1. Deuterium

Table B.1.

Deuterium composition.

Table B.2.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.1.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.2.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.2. Beryllium

Table B.3.

Beryllium composition.

Table B.4.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.4.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.5.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.6.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.3. Carbon

Table B.5.

Carbon composition.

Table B.6.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the carbon target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.7.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the carbon target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.8.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the carbon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.9.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the carbon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.4. Nitrogen

Table B.7.

Nitrogen composition.

Table B.8.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.10.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.11.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.12.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.5. Oxygen

Table B.9.

Oxygen composition.

Table B.10.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.13.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.14.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.15.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.6. Sodium

Table B.11.

Sodium composition.

Table B.12.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the sodium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.16.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the sodium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.17.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the sodium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.18.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the sodium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.7. Magnesium

Table B.13.

Magnesium composition.

Table B.14.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.19.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.20.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.21.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.8. Aluminum

Table B.15.

Aluminum composition.

Table B.16.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.22.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.23.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.24.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.9. Silicon

Table B.17.

Silicon composition.

Table B.18.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the silicon target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.25.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the silicon target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.26.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the silicon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.27.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the silicon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.10. Sulfur

Table B.19.

Sulfur composition.

Table B.20.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.28.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.29.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.30.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.11. Chlorine

Table B.21.

Chlorine composition.

Table B.22.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.31.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.32.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.33.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.12. Argon

Table B.23.

Argon composition.

Table B.24.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the argon target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.34.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the argon target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.35.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the argon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.36.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the argon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

B.13. Calcium

Table B.25.

Calcium composition.

Table B.26.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the calcium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. B.37.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the calcium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. B.38.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the calcium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. B.39.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the calcium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

Appendix

Detailed simulation results for intermediate-to-heavy elements

This section presents all the benchmark simulation results for intermediate-to-heavy elements. Details of the discrepancies detected in each observable between codes, or between nuclear data for a given code, are provided in Section 3.

C.1. Titanium

Table C.1.

Titanium composition.

Table C.2.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the titanium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.1.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the titanium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.2.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the titanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the titanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.2. Vanadium

Table C.3.

Vanadium composition.

Table C.4.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.4.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.5.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.6.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.3. Chromium*

Table C.5.

Chromium composition.

Table C.6.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the chromium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.7.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the chromium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.8.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the chromium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.9.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the chromium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.4. Manganese

Table C.7.

Manganese composition.

Table C.8.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the manganese target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.10.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the manganese target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.11.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the manganese target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.12.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the manganese target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.5. Iron

Table C.9.

Iron composition.

Table C.10.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the iron target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.13.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the iron target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.14.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the iron target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.15.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the iron target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.6. Cobalt

Table C.11.

Cobalt composition.

Table C.12.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.16.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.17.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.18.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.7. Nickel

Table C.13.

Nickel composition.

Table C.14.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the nickel target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.19.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the nickel target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.20.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the nickel target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.21.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the nickel target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.8. Copper

Table C.15.

Copper composition.

Table C.16.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the copper target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.22.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the copper target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.23.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the copper target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.24.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the copper target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.9. Zinc

Table C.17.

Zinc composition.

Table C.18.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the zinc target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.25.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the zinc target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.26.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the zinc target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.27.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the zinc target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.10. Germanium

Table C.19.

Germanium composition.

Table C.20.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the germanium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.28.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the germanium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.29.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the germanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.30.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the germanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.11. Strontium

Table C.21.

Strontium composition.

Table C.22.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the strontium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.31.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the strontium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.32.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the strontium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.33.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the strontium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.12. Zirconium

Table C.23.

Zirconium composition.

Table C.24.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.34.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.35.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.36.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.13. Niobium

Table C.25.

Niobium composition.

Table C.26.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the niobium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.37.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the niobium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.38.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the niobium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.39.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the niobium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.14. Molybdenum

Table C.27.

Molybdenum composition.

Table C.28.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.40.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.41.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.42.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.15. Palladium

Table C.29.

Palladium composition.

Table C.30.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the palladium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.43.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the palladium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.44.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the palladium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.45.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the palladium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.16. Silver

Table C.31.

Silver composition.

Table C.32.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the silver target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.46.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the silver target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.47.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the silver target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.48.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the silver target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.17. Cadmium

Table C.33.

Cadmium composition.

Table C.34.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.49.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.50.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.51.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.18. Tin

Table C.35.

Tin composition.

Table C.36.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tin target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.52.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tin target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.53.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tin target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.54.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tin target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.19. Antimony

Table C.37.

Antimony composition.

Table C.38.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the antimony target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.55.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the antimony target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.56.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the antimony target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.57.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the antimony target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.20. Tellurium

Table C.39.

Tellurium composition.

Table C.40.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.58.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.59.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.60.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.21. Iodine

Table C.41.

Iodine composition.

Table C.42.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the iodine target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.61.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the iodine target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.62.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the iodine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.63.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the iodine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.22. Cesium

Table C.43.

Cesium composition.

Table C.44.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the cesium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.64.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the cesium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.65.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the cesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.66.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the cesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.23. Samarium

Table C.45.

Samarium composition.

Table C.46.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the samarium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.67.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the samarium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.68.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the samarium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.69.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the samarium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.24. Terbium*

Table C.47.

Terbium composition.

Table C.48.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the terbium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.70.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the terbium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.71.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the terbium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.72.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the terbium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.25. Holmium*

Table C.49.

Holmium composition.

Table C.50.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the holmium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.73.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the holmium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.74.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the holmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.75.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the holmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.26. Tantalum*

Table C.51.

Tantalum composition.

Table C.52.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.76.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.77.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.78.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.27. Tungsten

Table C.53.

Tungsten composition.

Table C.54.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.79.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.80.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.81.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.28. Gold

Table C.55.

Gold composition.

Table C.56.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the gold target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.82.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the gold target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.83.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the gold target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.84.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the gold target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.29. Lead

Table C.57.

Lead composition.

Table C.58.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the lead target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.85.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the lead target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.86.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the lead target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.87.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the lead target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

C.30. Bismuth

Table C.59.

Bismuth composition.

Table C.60.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. C.88.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. C.89.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. C.90.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

Appendix

Detailed simulation results for fissile elements

This section presents all the benchmark simulation results for fissile elements. Details of the discrepancies detected in each observable between codes, or between nuclear data for a given code, are provided in Section 3.

D.1. Uranium 235

Table D.1.

Uranium 235 composition.

Table D.2.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 235U target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. D.1.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 235U target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. D.2.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 235U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. D.3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 235U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

D.2. Uranium 238

Table D.3.

Uranium 238 composition.

Table D.4.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 238U target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. D.4.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 238U target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. D.5.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 238U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. D.6.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 238U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

D.3. Neptunium 237

Table D.5.

Neptunium 237 composition.

Table D.6.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. D.7.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. D.8.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. D.9.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

D.4. Plutonium 239

Table D.7.

Plutonium 239 composition.

Table D.8.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. D.10.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. D.11.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. D.12.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

D.5. Plutonium 240

Table D.9.

Plutonium 240 composition.

Table D.10.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. D.13.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. D.14.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. D.15.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

D.6. Americium 241

Table D.11.

Americium 241 composition.

Table D.12.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

thumbnail Fig. D.16.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
thumbnail Fig. D.17.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
thumbnail Fig. D.18.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).

All Tables

Table A.1.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for light isotopes.

In the text
Table A.2.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for intermediate isotopes (Part 1 of 2).

In the text
Table A.3.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for intermediate isotopes (Part 2 of 2).

In the text
Table A.4.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for heavy isotopes.

In the text
Table A.5.

Abundances and energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions emitting neutrons for fissile isotopes.

In the text
Table B.1.

Deuterium composition.

In the text
Table B.2.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.3.

Beryllium composition.

In the text
Table B.4.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.5.

Carbon composition.

In the text
Table B.6.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the carbon target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.7.

Nitrogen composition.

In the text
Table B.8.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.9.

Oxygen composition.

In the text
Table B.10.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.11.

Sodium composition.

In the text
Table B.12.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the sodium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.13.

Magnesium composition.

In the text
Table B.14.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.15.

Aluminum composition.

In the text
Table B.16.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.17.

Silicon composition.

In the text
Table B.18.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the silicon target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.19.

Sulfur composition.

In the text
Table B.20.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.21.

Chlorine composition.

In the text
Table B.22.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.23.

Argon composition.

In the text
Table B.24.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the argon target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table B.25.

Calcium composition.

In the text
Table B.26.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the calcium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.1.

Titanium composition.

In the text
Table C.2.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the titanium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.3.

Vanadium composition.

In the text
Table C.4.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.5.

Chromium composition.

In the text
Table C.6.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the chromium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.7.

Manganese composition.

In the text
Table C.8.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the manganese target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.9.

Iron composition.

In the text
Table C.10.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the iron target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.11.

Cobalt composition.

In the text
Table C.12.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.13.

Nickel composition.

In the text
Table C.14.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the nickel target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.15.

Copper composition.

In the text
Table C.16.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the copper target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.17.

Zinc composition.

In the text
Table C.18.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the zinc target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.19.

Germanium composition.

In the text
Table C.20.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the germanium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.21.

Strontium composition.

In the text
Table C.22.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the strontium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.23.

Zirconium composition.

In the text
Table C.24.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.25.

Niobium composition.

In the text
Table C.26.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the niobium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.27.

Molybdenum composition.

In the text
Table C.28.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.29.

Palladium composition.

In the text
Table C.30.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the palladium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.31.

Silver composition.

In the text
Table C.32.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the silver target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.33.

Cadmium composition.

In the text
Table C.34.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.35.

Tin composition.

In the text
Table C.36.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tin target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.37.

Antimony composition.

In the text
Table C.38.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the antimony target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.39.

Tellurium composition.

In the text
Table C.40.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.41.

Iodine composition.

In the text
Table C.42.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the iodine target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.43.

Cesium composition.

In the text
Table C.44.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the cesium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.45.

Samarium composition.

In the text
Table C.46.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the samarium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.47.

Terbium composition.

In the text
Table C.48.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the terbium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.49.

Holmium composition.

In the text
Table C.50.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the holmium target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.51.

Tantalum composition.

In the text
Table C.52.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.53.

Tungsten composition.

In the text
Table C.54.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.55.

Gold composition.

In the text
Table C.56.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the gold target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.57.

Lead composition.

In the text
Table C.58.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the lead target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table C.59.

Bismuth composition.

In the text
Table C.60.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table D.1.

Uranium 235 composition.

In the text
Table D.2.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 235U target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table D.3.

Uranium 238 composition.

In the text
Table D.4.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 238U target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table D.5.

Neptunium 237 composition.

In the text
Table D.6.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table D.7.

Plutonium 239 composition.

In the text
Table D.8.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table D.9.

Plutonium 240 composition.

In the text
Table D.10.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text
Table D.11.

Americium 241 composition.

In the text
Table D.12.

Photoneutrons currents emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by monoenergetic photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, uncertainties are absolute.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Geometry of the Monte Carlo simulation model used in this benchmark study. A monoenergetic, unidirectional photon beam impinges on a mono-elemental sphere at the center of the configuration. Photoneutrons emitted from the target are collected on the surface of a larger detection sphere.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 with the slope correction (red lines) and TRIPOLI-4 without the slope correction (black line) with ENDF/B-VIII.1.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 with the frame conversion (red lines) and TRIPOLI-4 without the frame conversion (black line).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the sodium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 with the frame conversion (red lines) and TRIPOLI-4 without the frame conversion (black line).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5.

Scheme of the (γ, n) reaction: a photon γ incident on a ZAX nuclide induces the emission of a neutron n and leaves a residual nuclide ZA − 1Y. The angle θ is taken between the x axis and the outgoing neutron.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6.

(γ, n) angular probability density for 20 MeV photon on 2H from ENDF/B-VIII.1, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines), sampled from the nuclear data in the center-of-mass (orange lines) and transformed in the laboratory (purple lines) reference frame.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 7.

Energy distribution of photoneutrons in laboratory frame from the fundamental (γ, n) peak for 20 MeV incident photons on 2H from ENDF/B-VIII.1, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines) and sampled from the nuclear data (black lines). The vertical dotted grey line represents the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass reference frame for this peak for a 20 MeV photon incident energy, derived using equation (7).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 8.

The (γ, n) peak for 20 MeV incident photons in laboratory frame on 14N, for ENDF/B-VIII.1, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines) and sampled from the nuclear data (black lines). The vertical dotted grey line represents the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass reference frame for this peak, derived using equation (7).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 9.

Energy distribution of photoneutrons in laboratory frame from the fundamental (γ, n) energy peak for 20 MeV photons on 14N from JENDL-5, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines), TRIPOLI-4 (red lines) and sampled from the nuclear data (black lines). The vertical dotted grey line represents the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron in the center-of-mass reference frame for this peak, derived using equation (7).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 10.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 9Be target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6, PHITS and TRIPOLI-4. Peaks of the possible (γ, n) outgoing neutrons energies.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.1.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.2.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the deuterium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.4.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.5.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.6.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the beryllium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.7.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the carbon target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.8.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the carbon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.9.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the carbon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.10.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.11.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.12.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the nitrogen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.13.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.14.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.15.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the oxygen target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.16.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the sodium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.17.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the sodium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.18.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the sodium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.19.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.20.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.21.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the magnesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.22.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.23.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.24.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the aluminum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.25.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the silicon target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.26.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the silicon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.27.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the silicon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.28.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.29.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.30.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the sulfur target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.31.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.32.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.33.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the chlorine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.34.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the argon target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.35.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the argon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.36.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the argon target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.37.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the calcium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.38.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the calcium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. B.39.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the calcium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.1.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the titanium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.2.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the titanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the titanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.4.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.5.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.6.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the vanadium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.7.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the chromium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.8.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the chromium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.9.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the chromium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.10.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the manganese target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.11.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the manganese target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.12.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the manganese target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.13.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the iron target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.14.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the iron target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.15.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the iron target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.16.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.17.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.18.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the cobalt target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.19.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the nickel target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.20.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the nickel target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.21.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the nickel target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.22.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the copper target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.23.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the copper target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.24.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the copper target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.25.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the zinc target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.26.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the zinc target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.27.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the zinc target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.28.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the germanium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.29.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the germanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.30.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the germanium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.31.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the strontium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.32.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the strontium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.33.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the strontium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.34.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.35.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.36.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the zirconium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.37.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the niobium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.38.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the niobium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.39.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the niobium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.40.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.41.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.42.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the molybdenum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.43.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the palladium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.44.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the palladium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.45.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the palladium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.46.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the silver target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.47.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the silver target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.48.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the silver target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.49.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.50.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.51.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the cadmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.52.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tin target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.53.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tin target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.54.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tin target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.55.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the antimony target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.56.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the antimony target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.57.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the antimony target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.58.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.59.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.60.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tellurium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.61.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the iodine target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.62.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the iodine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.63.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the iodine target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.64.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the cesium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.65.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the cesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.66.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the cesium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.67.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the samarium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.68.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the samarium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.69.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the samarium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.70.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the terbium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.71.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the terbium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.72.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the terbium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.73.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the holmium target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.74.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the holmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.75.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the holmium target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.76.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.77.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.78.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tantalum target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.79.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.80.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.81.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the tungsten target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.82.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the gold target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.83.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the gold target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.84.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the gold target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.85.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the lead target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.86.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the lead target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.87.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the lead target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.88.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 30 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.89.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. C.90.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the bismuth target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.1.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 235U target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.2.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 235U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.3.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 235U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.4.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 238U target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.5.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 238U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.6.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 238U target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.7.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.8.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.9.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 237Np target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.10.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.11.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.12.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 239Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.13.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.14.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.15.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 240Pu target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.16.

Currents of photoneutrons (per source photon) emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by single-speed photons from the (γ, n) reaction threshold to 20 MeV, simulated with MCNP6 (blue circles), PHITS (green squares) and TRIPOLI-4 (red triangles).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.17.

Normalized energy spectra of photoneutrons emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. D.18.

Normalized angular distributions of photoneutrons emitted by the 241Am target irradiated by 20 MeV photons, simulated with MCNP6 (blue lines), PHITS (green lines) and TRIPOLI-4 (red lines).
In the text

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.