Mean diurnal courses (left) and time series of 30 min data for October 2024 at ARM's Graciosa ENA site. From top to bottom: T – air temperature, RH – relative humidity, ρH₂O – water vapor density, v – wind speed, u* – friction velocity, L – Obukhov length, (z−d)/L – stability parameter (z is the measurement height and d the displacement level), Q* – radiation balance, QH – sensible heat flux, Q_E – latent heat flux, Q_G – soil heat flux, K↓ – shortwave solar downward radiation, K↑ – shortwave solar reflected radiation, L↓ – longwave downward radiation, L↑ – longwave upward radiation, FCO₂ – carbon dioxide flux, albedo.