Regular Article

Direct immobilisation of radioactive liquid organic waste in a geopolymer matrix

Research Centre Řež, Hlavní 130, 250 68, Czech Republic

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Received: 30 March 2025
Received in final form: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2025
Published online: 30 September 2025

Abstract

Managing and disposing of radioactive liquid organic waste is a complex task due to its hazardous nature and long-term environmental impact. Geopolymer materials, produced through the alkali activation of aluminosilicate precursors, have emerged as promising candidates for immobilising various types of waste, including radioactive waste, due to their chemical stability, mechanical strength, and resistance to degradation. This study investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of the direct conditioning of radioactive liquid organic waste surrogate into a blast furnace slag matrix, focusing on key properties such as mechanical strength, porosity, and durability under various curing conditions. Two experimental series were conducted, using different waste oils as surrogates for radioactive liquid organic waste and various surfactants to evaluate their impact on the geopolymers. Samples were cured under sealed and aerated conditions to assess how these variables influence the resulting material. Several methods, such as UV/Vis spectroscopy, microscopy, porosimetry and compressive strength testing, were utilised to analyse the physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of the produced geopolymer waste forms. Compressive strength test results indicate potential suitability for long-term storage and disposal of radioactive liquid organic waste. However, increasing waste oil and surfactant concentrations generally reduced compressive strength and were associated with increased porosity. Additionally, leaching tests were performed to evaluate the potential release of oil and selected elements from the stabilised waste form. The findings demonstrated minimal oil leaching, suggesting a high level of immobilisation efficiency. These findings indicate the potential of geopolymer matrices for encapsulating radioactive liquid organic waste. However, they also highlight the need for careful optimisation of surfactant and waste concentrations to balance the volume of incorporated waste oil and mechanical performance. Further research and optimisation are required to refine these formulations and expand the application to other liquid organic waste types, aiming to develop practical and scalable solutions for radioactive waste management.