(a) Development of synthetic porous media with similar interparticle porosity but different degree of anisotropy for particle orientation described by order parameter (i.e., ⟨P ₂⟩ order parameter). Illustration of Brownian dynamics characteristic to water in a Na-kaolinite (b) and Na-vermiculite (c). In contrast to interlayer, free kaolinite transport in vermiculite takes place in the intra-particle space and the interlayer (modified after Asaad et al. [3]).