Regular Article

Simplified approach to determine the requirements of a “flexible nuclear reactor” in power system with high insertion of variable renewable energy sources

¹ CEA, DES, IRESNE, DER, F-13108, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
² Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
³ Energy Research Institute at NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
⁴ CEA, LITEN, F-73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France

^* e-mail: anne-laure.mazauric@cea.fr

Received: 8 March 2021
Received in final form: 30 September 2021
Accepted: 24 November 2021
Published online: 25 February 2022

Abstract

The objective of the paper is to study the potential behaviour of a power system with high share of nuclear and less thermal plants, in which variable RES insertion increases − for example the French case −, in order to determine the specifications for the design of a potential nuclear reactor with high “manoeuvrability”. Moreover, the flexible reactor may participate more in the supply − demand balance and in particular during large frequency fluctuations caused by the high variability of RES. The studies are carried out with the PowerFactory software, which make it possible to highlight specific needs regarding the power ramp for an “ideal” flexible nuclear reactor. Using a benchmark network, the Kundur “2 areas-4 machines”, the flexibility requirements are obtained as a function of the grid disturbances. For this purpose, the penetration of variable RES is progressively increased, while nuclear power is reduced and thermal power plants are totally suppressed. The study shows that a drop in RES production directly impacts the minimal frequency. A faster response speed of nuclear power makes it possible to restore this stability and return to normal operating conditions imposed by the grid operator. This paper describes therefore the process of obtaining the flexibility criterion for different cases of insertion of variable RES.